China (1008-1013)

China's Search for Order
NA's Start

during the first half of the 20th century, china was in a state of almost continual revolutionary upheaval. the conflict's origins dated from the 19th century, when china came under relentless pressure from imperialist powers. (EH)
revolution in 1911 forced Xuantong, the emporer, to abdicate
Dr. sun Yatsen proclaimed a Chinese republic in 1912; run by warlords who ultimeletly contributed to the descent of Chinese society
unequal treaties continued to have sway in chinese economic developments; hindered them
1919 peace conference in Paris was a disapointment because Janpan was granted increase influnence in China
May Fourth Movement; protested foreign influnence
leaders plegded to rid china of imperialism and reestablish national unity; Sanfei and others rallied to the cause

NA's end

ET Start
Chinese Nationalism

After the WWI, nationalism developed rapidly in China.
Youths had looked to Europe and the US for reform in China hoped for results in the Peace Conference in Paris
Expected US to restore Chinese sovereignty
Peacemakers approved increased Japanese interference in China
Chinese became interested in Marxist thought
The most prominent nationalist leader at the time, Sun Yatsen, did not share the communists entusiasm for a dictatorship of the proletariat and the triumph of communism.
After the death of Sun Yatsen in 1925, leadership fell to Jiang jieshi, a young general who had been trained in Japan and the Soviet Union.
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) formed in 1921 in Shanghai
Early members included, Mao Zedong (1893-1976) teacher/librarian who thought Marxist communism as the solution for China's problems
Chinese communists believed in divorce, no arranged marraiges, and were against foot binding

ET End

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(SK) Mao Zedong
Sun Yatsen

most prominent nationalist leader of the time, but did not believe in dictatorships (AH)
(SK start) his beliefs (summarized in his "Three Principles of the People") and called for elimination of special privileges for foreingers, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage
determined to bring the country under the control of his National People's Party (aka Guomindang)
in 1923 members of the CCP began to join/infliltrate the NPP and by 1926 made up 1/3 of the membership
both CCP and NPP used assistance offered by the Soviet Union and under Lenin were reorganized into effective political organizations and bestowed on China the basis of a new political system

Civil War

after the death of SunYatsen in 1925, leadership of NPP fell to Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek, 1887-1975), a young general trained in Hapan and the Soviet Union
led a political and military offensive known as the Northern Expedition to unifiy China and bring it under Guomindang rule
in 1927 Jiang brutally and unexpectedlyl turned against his communist commrades toward the end of his successful campaign, and brougnt the NPP and CCp alliance to a bloody end
in the next year nationalist forces occupied Neijing, set up a central government in Nanjing, and declared NPP the official government of a unified and sovereign Chinese state
meanwhile mauled communists retreated to a remote area of southeastern China to attempt to reconstitute and reorganize their forces
China did manage to avoid the Great Depression, because it's economy/industry were connected only marginally to the world ecomony and foreign trade made up only a small part of China's economy (which was otherwise dominated by its large domestic markets)
however, China did have to confront 3 major problems in the 1930's:
1. Nationalists only controlled part of China, leaving the rest in warlord hands
2. By early 1930's communist revolution was still a major threat
3. Guomindang faced increasing Japanese aggression
to deal with these problems, Jiang Jieshi gave priority to eliminating the CCP and Red Army
the Long March: a forced retreat of Red Army over 6,215 miles to arrive in northwestern China in Ocotber 1935 and establish headquarters at Yan'an
though thousands died, the Long March actually inspired many Chinese to join the Communist Party
during the Long March, Mao Zedong emerged as leader and principal thoretician of the Chinese Communist movement
Mao came up with Chinese form of Marxist-Leninism, or Maoism, and ideology grounded in the conviction that peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution (as peasants made up most of the population at the time). (SK end)

Imperial and Imperialist Japan

after the great war, japan had freat power. it was one of the "big five" powers in the legue of nations.
They entered a series of agreements that were to improve their relations among countries with conflicting interests in Asia and the Pacific.
Japan agreed to limit naval development, evacuate Shandog province of China, and fuaranteed China's territorial integrity.
War was renounced.
Japanese economy did great during the war. They made money from selling munition and other good to aillies and gained a foothold in Asia.
After the war, Japan's economy fell. They experienced plumiting industrial productions, layoffs, declining trade, and financial chaos.
Japanese politics were influenced by the want for social and political reform, such as broadening of the franchise, protection for labor unions, and wefare legislation.
In 1932 the prime minister was assassinated because of an angry campaign targeting political and business leaders. The public blamed its government for the nation's economic problems.
Politicians that supoprted japan's role in the internations industrial-capatalist system faced more and more opposition from those who wanted Japan to dominate east Asia using military.
China's unity and international attempts to reinstate its sovereignty threatened Japan's economic interests in Manchuria.
Japan then built the Manchurian Railroad, retained transit rights, and stationed troops.
in 1931, the military force acted to assert control over the region.